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Culture of ancient Rome
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Ancient Roman culture evolved throughout the almost 1200-year
history of that civilization. The term refers to the culture of the
Roman Republic, later the Roman Empire, which, at peak, covered an
area from Cumbria and Morocco to the Euphrates. Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, located on seven hills, and its monumental structures like the Flavian Amphitheatre (Now called the Coliseum), the Forum of Trajan and the Pantheon. The city also had several theaters and gymnasiums, and many taverns, baths and brothels. Throughout the territory under the control of ancient Rome, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city of Rome, there were imperial residences on the elegant Palatine Hill, from which the word "palace" is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city center, packed into insulate (apartment blocks). |
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The city of Rome was the largest megapolis of that time, with a
population that may well have exceeded one million people, with some
high end estimate of 3.5 million and low end estimate of 450,000.
The public spaces in Rome resounded with such a din of hooves and
clatter of iron chariot wheels that Julius Caesar had once proposed
a ban on chariot traffic at night. Historical estimates indicate
that around 20 percent of population under the jurisdiction of the
ancient Rome lived in innumerable urban centers, with population of
at least 10,000 and several military settlements, a very high rate
of urbanization by preindustrial standards, the most urbanized part
of the empire was Italy, with had an estimated rate of urbanization
of 32%, the same rate of urbanization of England in 1800. Most roman
towns and cities had a forum and temples and same type of buildings,
on a smaller scale, as found in Rome. The large urban population
required an endless supply of food which was a complex logistical
task, including acquiring, transporting, storing and distribution of
food for Rome and other urban centers. Italian farms supplied
vegetables and fruits, but fish and meat were luxuries. Aqueducts
were built to bring water to urban centers and wine and oil were
imported from Spain, Gaul and Africa. The volume of commerce in the
Roman Empire is estimated [citation needed] to be only equaled in
the 19th century. The later city of Rome did not fill the space
within its ancient aurelian walls until after 1870. Seventy percent of the population under the jurisdiction of ancient Rome lived in the countryside. Landlords generally resided in cities and their estates were left in the care of farm managers. The plight of rural slaves was generally worse than their counterparts working in urban aristocratic households. To stimulate a higher labor productivity most landlords freed a large numbers of slaves and many received wages. Some records indicate that "as many as 42 people lived in one small farm hut in Egypt, while six families owned a single olive tree." Such a rural environment continued to induce migration of population to urban centers until the early 2nd century, when the urban population stopped growing and started to decline. Against this human background, both the urban and rural setting, one of history's best-known civilizations took shape, leaving behind a cultural legacy that survives in part today. |
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