Culture of ancient Rome Historical and cultural context Social class in ancient Rome Freedmen, slaves, Latinos, Foreigners and Women in Roman society Customs and daily life Roman religion Language in ancient Roman Empire
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Culture of ancient Rome

Ancient Roman culture evolved throughout the almost 1200-year history of that civilization. The term refers to the culture of the Roman Republic, later the Roman Empire, which, at peak, covered an area from Cumbria and Morocco to the Euphrates.

Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, located on seven hills, and its monumental structures like the Flavian Amphitheatre (Now called the Coliseum), the Forum of Trajan and the Pantheon. The city also had several theaters and gymnasiums, and many taverns, baths and brothels. Throughout the territory under the control of ancient Rome, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city of Rome, there were imperial residences on the elegant Palatine Hill, from which the word "palace" is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city center, packed into insulate (apartment blocks).

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The city of Rome was the largest megapolis of that time, with a population that may well have exceeded one million people, with some high end estimate of 3.5 million and low end estimate of 450,000. The public spaces in Rome resounded with such a din of hooves and clatter of iron chariot wheels that Julius Caesar had once proposed a ban on chariot traffic at night. Historical estimates indicate that around 20 percent of population under the jurisdiction of the ancient Rome lived in innumerable urban centers, with population of at least 10,000 and several military settlements, a very high rate of urbanization by preindustrial standards, the most urbanized part of the empire was Italy, with had an estimated rate of urbanization of 32%, the same rate of urbanization of England in 1800. Most roman towns and cities had a forum and temples and same type of buildings, on a smaller scale, as found in Rome. The large urban population required an endless supply of food which was a complex logistical task, including acquiring, transporting, storing and distribution of food for Rome and other urban centers. Italian farms supplied vegetables and fruits, but fish and meat were luxuries. Aqueducts were built to bring water to urban centers and wine and oil were imported from Spain, Gaul and Africa. The volume of commerce in the Roman Empire is estimated [citation needed] to be only equaled in the 19th century. The later city of Rome did not fill the space within its ancient aurelian walls until after 1870.

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Seventy percent of the population under the jurisdiction of ancient Rome lived in the countryside. Landlords generally resided in cities and their estates were left in the care of farm managers. The plight of rural slaves was generally worse than their counterparts working in urban aristocratic households. To stimulate a higher labor productivity most landlords freed a large numbers of slaves and many received wages. Some records indicate that "as many as 42 people lived in one small farm hut in Egypt, while six families owned a single olive tree." Such a rural environment continued to induce migration of population to urban centers until the early 2nd century, when the urban population stopped growing and started to decline.

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Starting in the middle of the second century BC, in every aspect of the private culture of the upper classes, Greek culture was increasingly in ascendancy, in spite of tirades against the "softening" effects of Hellenized culture from the conservative moralists. By the time of Augustus, cultured Greek household slaves taught the Roman young (sometimes even the girls); chefs, decorators, secretaries, doctors, and hairdressers—all came from the Greek East. Greek sculptures adorned Hellenistic landscape gardening on the Palatine or in the villas, or were imitated in Roman sculpture yards by Greek slaves. The Roman cuisine preserved in the cookery books ascribed to Apicius is essentially Greek. Roman writers disdained Latin for a cultured Greek style. Only in law and governance was the Italic nature of Rome's accretive culture supreme.

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Against this human background, both the urban and rural setting, one of history's best-known civilizations took shape, leaving behind a cultural legacy that survives in part today.

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Roman architecture and culture Culture of ancient Rome Historical and cultural context Social class in ancient Rome Freedmen, slaves, Latinos, Foreigners and Women in Roman society Customs and daily life Roman religion Language in ancient Roman Empire